ARISTOTLE
THE REALIST
What Can we Know?
Characteristic of all nature is movement and change. In the process, there is something that changes and something that stays the same i.e. any individual object has both substance and form or essence. It also has a present actuality, a past and the potential for future change. To explain how and why a thing is as it is, to understand its being, its reality, four kinds of aetia or causes must be considered:
- a material cause - the matter of which it is composed
- a formal cause - the law or pattern that determines its development
- an efficient cause - the agent or initiator of the process
- a final cause - its end or result